Human adenovirus 11 is a non‑enveloped double‑stranded DNA virus in species B. Its icosahedral capsid encloses a linear genome linked to terminal proteins. HAdV‑11 is best known for causing hemorrhagic cystitis and urinary tract infection, especially in children and immunocompromised hosts.
Biology and pathogenesis
Over a hundred human adenovirus types have been identified. Type 11, part of species B, has tropism for both respiratory and uroepithelial cells. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets, fecal–oral route or contact with contaminated surfaces. After entering the host, the virus replicates in the cell nucleus, producing progeny virions or establishing latency. Persistent infection in lymphoid tissue may result in asymptomatic shedding. Host defence relies on neutralising antibodies and T‑cell responses. In kidney and bone marrow transplant recipients, HAdV‑11 can reactivate and disseminate.
Clinical features and notable facts
HAdV‑11 is associated with acute hemorrhagic cystitis, characterised by dysuria, hematuria and suprapubic pain. Outbreaks have been reported in boys’ summer camps and among military recruits. The virus can also cause urethritis and nephritis, and has been implicated in severe pneumonia and disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients. Unlike ocular types 8, 19 and 37 or enteric types 40/41, HAdV‑11 primarily affects the urinary and respiratory tracts. Clinical management is supportive; reduction of immunosuppression and antiviral therapy may be considered in transplant recipients. Because HAdV‑11 can persist and reactivate in vulnerable hosts, monitoring adenovirus DNA in urine or blood may be useful in transplant patients. The virus demonstrates the diverse organ tropism of adenoviruses and underscores the importance of infection control in communal settings. Related Terms: Hemorrhagic cystitis, Human Adenovirus 21, Human Adenovirus 34, Adenovirus infection